Linux has been catching up on tracing capabilities. Even though not as
deeply integrated for safe use on production systems as DTrace and MDB,
Linux has an impressive array of tools based of FTrace and Kprobes.

Watch Brendan Gregg's fun intro to his work on DTrace-like Linux tracing:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GsMs3n8CB6g 

and then read about his tools http://www.brendangregg.com/linuxperf.html
and get https://github.com/brendangregg/perf-tools . Look at the examples/
directory for example usage of different tools.

To install dependecies for perf-tools on Ubuntu, Debian, or Mint, you
might want to install the package perf-tools or perf-tools-unstable,
even though you might end up using the newer github version.

About the choice of different tools see
http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2015-07-08/choosing-a-linux-tracer.html

The underlying system for Gregg's perf-tools is FTrace:
https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/trace/ftrace.txt
https://linuxplumbersconf.org/2014/ocw/system/presentations/1773/original/ftrace-kernel-hooks-2014.pdf

Some more details:
http://www.linuxinternals.org/blog/2016/06/18/ftrace-events-mechanism/